500 Years after the Great Battles

The AHCPR after the battles.

Medicine: 30 years after the death of the great humanist.

Having been the son, grandson and great-grandson of physicians, was not easy to tell his father that he would not continue the family tradition. But, despite this decision, throughout his life he maintained a strong relationship with medicine, dedicating some of his most significant works. In this regard, his vision could be summarized as: science and technology have brought many advances in me...

The Basal Ganglia Over 500 Million Years

The lamprey belongs to the phylogenetically oldest group of vertebrates that diverged from the mammalian evolutionary line 560 million years ago. A comparison between the lamprey and mammalian basal ganglia establishes a detailed similarity regarding its input from cortex/pallium and thalamus, as well as its intrinsic organisation and projections of the output nuclei. This means that the basal ...

Genetic Footprints of Iberian Cattle in America 500 Years after the Arrival of Columbus

BACKGROUND American Creole cattle presumably descend from animals imported from the Iberian Peninsula during the period of colonization and settlement, through different migration routes, and may have also suffered the influence of cattle directly imported from Africa. The introduction of European cattle, which began in the 18th century, and later of Zebu from India, has threatened the survival...

Secular Variation of the Aurora for the past 500 Years

Knowledge of solar variability and its effects on the Earth is essential since the Sun affects almost every aspect of our lives. Direct observations of the Sun, usually of sunspots, with some continuity, exist only since about 1700. Understanding of long-term solar variability must then depend on proxy data, such as visual auroral observations, measurements of magnetic activity, and the radioca...